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Gustav Julius Werner Hartenstein (27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943) commanded the U-boat in Nazi Germany's ''Kriegsmarine'' during World War II. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, a decoration awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or outstanding military leadership. ''Korvettenkapitän'' (corvette captain) Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships for a total of , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer. Born in Plauen, Hartenstein joined the ''Reichsmarine'' (navy of the Weimar Republic) in 1928. After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II, he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941. In September 1942, Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors. He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces. The event became known as the "''Laconia'' incident" and resulted in the "Laconia Order", an order from the ''Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote'' to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships. Hartenstein and the entire crew of ''U-156'' were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943. ==Early life and pre-war service== Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony, then a federated state of the German Empire, on 27 February 1908. He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein, an export merchant, and Selma Emma Hartenstein, née Schlingensiepen.〔Röll 2011, p. 72.〕 Hartenstein had one older sister, Thea Irena, and a younger sister, Charlotte. He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma (''Abitur'') in 1926.〔humanities-oriented secondary school—''humanistische Staatsgymnasium''〕 After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first, and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence.〔Jones 1999, p. 108.〕 He matriculated at the University of Freiburg (''Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg'') in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927.〔Röll 2011, pp. 51–53, 72.〕 Aged 20, Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship, was accepted and began his naval career with the ''Reichsmarine'' on 1 April 1928 as a member of "Crew 28" (the incoming class of 1928). He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund (1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928).〔2nd department —II. ''Abteilung''〕〔standing ship division —''Schiffsstammdivision''〕 Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship ''Niobe'' (1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928), attaining the rank of ''Seekadett'' (midshipman) on 11 October 1928. Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser ''Emden'' (16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930) he advanced in rank to ''Fähnrich zur See'' (officer cadet) on 1 January 1930. ''Emden'' at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, a U-boat commander during World War I. Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik, including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel ''Meteor'', before transferring to the light cruiser ''Köln'' (1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934). His stay on ''Köln'' was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik. During this assignment on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany, and began to rearm the navy. In 1935, the ''Reichsmarine'' was renamed the ''Kriegsmarine''.〔Busch & Röll 2003, p. 257.〕 Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat ''Greif'' from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938.〔Busch & Röll 2003, p. 258.〕〔1st watch officer—I. ''Wachoffizier''〕 He was promoted to ''Kapitänleutnant'' (captain lieutenant) on 1 June 1937. Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board ''Greif'' in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War. For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze on 6 June 1936.〔Röll 2011, p. 73.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Werner Hartenstein」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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